常見培養(yǎng)基的定義分類和菌落形態(tài)
發(fā)布時(shí)間：
2022-12-27
作者：
一，首先要知道什么是培養(yǎng)基？
定義：是供微生物，植物組織和動(dòng)物組織生長和維持用的人工配制的養(yǎng)料，一般都含有碳水化合物，含氮物質(zhì)，無機(jī)鹽[包括微量元素]以及維生素，水及緩沖液等。不同培養(yǎng)基可根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，添加一些自身無法合成的化合物，即生長因子。有些微生物，如自養(yǎng)型微生物，不需要碳源。有的還含有抗菌素和色素，用于各種微生物培養(yǎng)和鑒定。
第二，再來了解一下常見種類和用途：細(xì)菌類，放線菌類，酵母菌類和霉菌培養(yǎng)基四種。
1，細(xì)菌類——常用營養(yǎng)肉湯和營養(yǎng)瓊脂培養(yǎng)基。
2，放線菌類——常用高氏1號(hào)培養(yǎng)基。
3，酵母菌類——馬鈴薯蔗糖培養(yǎng)基和麥芽汁培養(yǎng)。
4，霉菌類——馬鈴薯蔗糖，豆芽汁葡萄糖或者蔗糖瓊脂培養(yǎng)基和察氏培養(yǎng)基。
三，按用途分[主要是加入一些抑菌劑，指示劑，血液，糖等試劑，以利于需要菌的生長與鑒別。]
1，加富類——是在培養(yǎng)基中加入血，血清，動(dòng)植物組織提取液，用于培養(yǎng)要求比較苛刻的某些微生物。如——血瓊脂平板。
2，選擇性類——根據(jù)某一種或者某一類微生物的特殊營養(yǎng)要求或者針對(duì)一些物理，化學(xué)抗性而設(shè)計(jì)，可以將所需要的微生物從混雜的微生物中分離出來。如麥康凱培養(yǎng)基。
3，鑒別類——實(shí)在培養(yǎng)基中加入某種試劑或者化學(xué)藥品，使培養(yǎng)后會(huì)發(fā)生某種變化，從而區(qū)別不同類型的微生物。如各種糖發(fā)酵管，硫化氫管，伊紅美藍(lán)培養(yǎng)基，SS培養(yǎng)基等。
四，按物理性狀分
1，液體培養(yǎng)基——一類呈液態(tài)，可以供細(xì)菌增菌及鑒定使用。
2，固體類——一類外觀呈固態(tài)，在液體培養(yǎng)基中加入1，5%-2%的瓊脂，據(jù)性質(zhì)又可分為固化，非可逆性固化和天然固態(tài)培養(yǎng)基，濾膜?？梢怨┘?xì)菌的分離培養(yǎng)，計(jì)數(shù)，藥敏試驗(yàn)等。
3，半固體培養(yǎng)基——旨在液體培養(yǎng)基中加入少量的凝固劑而配置成的半固體狀態(tài)的培養(yǎng)基。通常加入0，5%的瓊脂即成為半固體培養(yǎng)基?？捎糜谟^察細(xì)菌的動(dòng)力及菌種的短期保存。
4，脫水培養(yǎng)基——又叫預(yù)制干燥培養(yǎng)基，含有除水分外的一切成分的培養(yǎng)基。
五，常見的致病菌在培養(yǎng)基中的表現(xiàn)
1，產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌在血平板上多數(shù)有雙層溶血環(huán)，內(nèi)環(huán)完全溶血，是由于θ毒素的作用，外環(huán)不完全溶血是因?yàn)?alpha;毒素的作用。
2，白色念珠菌在馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養(yǎng)基上的菌落特征為乳白色菌落，有突起，在加有氯霉素的馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養(yǎng)基上，菌落表面呈奶油色。
3，綠膿桿菌在十六烷三甲基溴化銨瓊脂上，綠膿桿菌菌落扁平無定型，向周邊擴(kuò)散或略有蔓延趨勢(shì)，菌落呈灰白色，周圍有水溶性色素。
4，支原體在瓊脂平板上的典型菌落呈荷包蛋狀。
5，副豬嗜血桿菌在培養(yǎng)中需要添加X和V因子，當(dāng)接種兔血平板再用金黃色葡萄球菌點(diǎn)種，呈現(xiàn)“衛(wèi)星現(xiàn)象”，豬胸膜肺炎放線桿菌需要添加V因子，在綿陽血平板上為β溶血，CAMP試驗(yàn)陽性。
6，沙門氏菌在麥康凱培養(yǎng)基上形成無色或者白色透明菌落。大腸桿菌在麥康凱培養(yǎng)基上形成紅色或者淡紅色的菌落。
7，葡萄球菌在液體培養(yǎng)基中的生長現(xiàn)象為混濁生長，鏈球菌，乳桿菌呈沉淀生長；枯草芽孢桿菌呈菌膜生長。
8，豬鏈球菌對(duì)培養(yǎng)基的要求較高，血液瓊脂平板上溶血，豬鏈球菌二型在綿陽血平板上呈α溶血，馬血平板則為β溶血。
青島日水生物提供技術(shù)支持
First, first of all to know what is the culture base?
Definition: artificial ingredients for the growth and maintenance of microbes, plant tissues and animal tissues, usually containing carbohydrates, nitrogen containing substances, inorganic salts [including trace elements] and vitamins, water and buffers. Different culture media can add some compounds which can not be synthesized according to actual needs, that is, growth factors. Some microorganisms, such as autotrophic microorganisms, do not need carbon sources. Some also contain antibiotics and pigments, which are used for the cultivation and identification of various microorganisms.
Second, let's learn more about common species and uses: bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts and mould media four.
1, bacteria - commonly used nutrient broth and nutrient agar medium.
2, actinomycetes - commonly used in Kao's 1 medium.
3, yeasts, sucrose medium and malt juice culture.
4, mold, potato sucrose, bean sprouts glucose or sucrose agar medium and Cha's medium.
Thirdly, according to the use [mainly adding some antibacterial agents, indicators, blood, sugar and other reagents, in order to facilitate the growth of the need for bacteria and identification. ]
1. Enrichments - the addition of blood, serum, animal and plant tissue extracts to the medium for the cultivation of some of the more demanding microorganisms. For example, the blood agar plate.
2, selective classes - based on specific nutritional requirements of one or one type of microbe or designed for some physical, chemical resistance, can separate the required microbes from a mixed microbe. Such as the Kang Kai medium.
3, the identification class - the actual culture medium is added to a certain reagent or chemical, so that a variety of changes will occur after the culture, thus differentiating different types of microbes. Such as various sugar fermentation tubes, hydrogen sulfide, eosin methylene blue medium, SS medium and so on.
Four, according to the physical character
1, liquid medium, which is liquid, can be used for bacteria enrichment and identification.
2, solid class - a class of solid appearance, adding 1, 5%-2% agar in liquid medium. According to its properties, it can be divided into curing, non reversible curing and natural solid medium, filter membrane. It can be used for isolation, culture, enumeration, drug sensitivity test and so on.
3. Semi-solid medium - a medium designed to add a small amount of coagulant to the liquid medium. Agar, which is usually added 0 or 5%, becomes a semisolid medium. It can be used to observe the dynamics of bacteria and the short-term preservation of bacteria.
4, the dehydrating medium, also known as prefabricated dry medium, contains all the ingredients except water.
Five, the expression of common pathogenic bacteria in the culture medium
1, most of the Clostridium perfringens have double hemolytic ring on the blood plate, and the inner ring is completely hemolytic. It is due to the effect of theta toxin. The outer ring is not completely hemolytic because of the effect of alpha toxin.
2, the colony characteristic of Candida albicans on the potato glucose agar medium was the milky white colony. There was a protuberance. On the potato glucose agar medium with chloramphenicol, the colony surface was milk color.
3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was on sixteen alkane three methyl ammonium bromide agar, the colony of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was flat and amorphous, spread to the periphery or spread slightly, the colony was gray white, and there were water-soluble pigments around it.
4, the typical colony of Mycoplasma on agar plate is poached egg shape.
5, the Haemophilus accessory Haemophilus porcine needs to add X and V factor in the culture. When the rabbit blood plate is inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, the "satellite phenomenon" is presented. The Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae needs to add V factor to the beta hemolysis on the Mianyang blood plate, and the CAMP test is positive.
6, Salmonella forms a colorless or white transparent colony on the wheat Kang Kai medium. E. coli forms red or reddish colonies on the wheat Kang Kai medium.
7. Staphylococcus growth in liquid medium was turbid growth, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were precipitated growth, and Bacillus subtilis was membrane growth.
8, Streptococcus suis had higher requirements for the culture medium, hemolysis on the agar plate of the blood, and alpha hemolysis of Streptococcus suis type two on the Mianyang blood plate, and the hemolysis of the horse blood plate.