請問：微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室怎樣合理布局?
發(fā)布時(shí)間：
2022-12-24
作者：
潔凈室微生物培養(yǎng)基
請問：微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室怎樣合理布局?
答：微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室不同于一般的實(shí)驗(yàn)室工程或凈化工程。主要應(yīng)用于微生物學(xué)、生物醫(yī)學(xué)、生物化學(xué)、動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)、基因工程以及生物制品等研究使用的實(shí)驗(yàn)室統(tǒng)稱為生物安全實(shí)驗(yàn)室。微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室由準(zhǔn)備室、洗滌室、滅菌室、無菌室、恒溫培養(yǎng)室和普通實(shí)驗(yàn)室六部分組成。這些房間的共同特點(diǎn)是地板和墻壁的質(zhì)地光滑堅(jiān)硬，儀器和設(shè)備的陳設(shè)簡潔，便于打掃衛(wèi)生。
一
準(zhǔn)備室
準(zhǔn)備室用于配制培養(yǎng)基和樣品處理等。室內(nèi)設(shè)有試劑柜、存放器具或材料的專柜、實(shí)驗(yàn)臺、電爐、冰箱和上下水道、電源等。
二
洗滌室
洗滌室用于洗刷器皿等。由于使用過的器皿已被微生物污染，有時(shí)還會(huì)存在病原微生物。因此，在條件允許的情況下，最好設(shè)置洗滌室。室內(nèi)應(yīng)備有加熱器、蒸鍋，洗刷器皿用的盆、桶等，還應(yīng)有各種瓶刷、去污粉、肥皂、洗衣粉等。
三
滅菌室
滅菌室主要用于培養(yǎng)基的滅菌和各種器具的滅菌，室內(nèi)應(yīng)備有高壓蒸汽滅菌器、烘箱等滅菌設(shè)備及設(shè)施。
四
無菌室
無菌室也稱接種室，是系統(tǒng)接種、純化菌種等無菌操作的專用實(shí)驗(yàn)室。在微生物中，菌種的接種移植是一項(xiàng)主要操作，這項(xiàng)操作的特點(diǎn)就是要保證菌種純種，防止雜菌的污染。在一般環(huán)境的空氣中，由于存在許多塵埃和雜菌，很易造成污染，對接種工作干擾很大。
1.無菌室的設(shè)置
無菌室應(yīng)根據(jù)既經(jīng)濟(jì)又科學(xué)的原則來設(shè)置。其基本要求有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（1）無菌室應(yīng)有內(nèi)、外兩間，內(nèi)間是無菌室，外間是緩沖室。房間容積不宜過大，以便于空氣滅菌。最小內(nèi)間面積2×2.5＝5m2，外間面積1×2＝2m2，高以2.5m以下為宜，都應(yīng)有天花板。
（2）內(nèi)間應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)拉門，以減少空氣的波動(dòng)，門應(yīng)設(shè)在離工作臺最遠(yuǎn)的位置上；外間的門最好也用拉門，要設(shè)在距內(nèi)間最遠(yuǎn)的位置上。
（3）在分隔內(nèi)間與外間的墻壁或“隔扇”上，應(yīng)開一個(gè)小窗，作接種過程中必要的內(nèi)外傳遞物品的通道，以減少人員進(jìn)出內(nèi)間的次數(shù)，降低污染程度。小窗寬60cm、高40cm、厚30cm，內(nèi)外都掛對拉的窗扇。
（4）無菌室容積小而嚴(yán)密，使用一段時(shí)間后，室內(nèi)溫度很高，故應(yīng)設(shè)置通氣窗。通氣窗應(yīng)設(shè)在內(nèi)室進(jìn)門處的頂棚上（即離工作臺最遠(yuǎn)的位置），最好為雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，外層為百葉窗，內(nèi)層可用抽板式窗扇。通氣窗可在內(nèi)室使用后、滅菌前開啟，以流通空氣。有條件可安裝恒溫恒濕機(jī)。
2.無菌室內(nèi)設(shè)備和用具
（1）無菌室內(nèi)的工作臺，不論是什么材質(zhì)、用途的，都要求表面光滑和臺面水平。
（2）在內(nèi)室和外室各安裝一個(gè)紫外燈（多為30W）。內(nèi)室的紫外線燈應(yīng)安裝在經(jīng)常工作的座位正上方，離地面2m，外室的紫外線燈可安裝在外室中央。
（3）外室應(yīng)有專用的工作服、鞋、帽、口罩、盛有來蘇兒水的瓷盆和毛巾、手持噴霧器和5%石炭酸溶液等。
（4）內(nèi)室應(yīng)有酒精燈、常用接種工具、不銹鋼制的刀、剪、鑷子、70%的酒精棉球、工業(yè)酒精、載玻璃片、特種蠟筆、記錄本、鉛筆、標(biāo)簽紙、膠水、廢物筐等。
3.無菌室的滅菌消毒
（1）薰蒸：這是無菌室徹底滅菌的措施。無菌室使用了較長時(shí)間，污染比較嚴(yán)重時(shí)，應(yīng)進(jìn)行薰蒸滅菌？捎眉兹、乳酸或硫磺薰蒸。
（2）噴霧：在每次使用無菌室前進(jìn)行。噴霧可促使空氣中微粒及微生物沉降，防止桌面、地面上的微塵飛場，并有殺菌作用？捎5%石炭酸噴霧。
（3）紫外線照射：在每次使用無菌室前進(jìn)行。紫外線有較好的殺菌效果。通常應(yīng)開啟紫外線燈照射30～60min。
4.無菌室工作規(guī)程
（1）無菌室滅菌。每次使用前開啟紫外線燈照射30min以上，或在使用前30min，對內(nèi)外室用5%石炭酸噴霧。
（2）用肥皂洗手后，把所需器材搬入外室；在外室換上已滅菌的工作服、工作帽和工作鞋，戴好口罩，然后用2%煤酚皂液將手浸洗2分鐘。
（3）將各種需用物品搬進(jìn)內(nèi)室清點(diǎn)、就位，用5%石炭酸在工作臺面上方和操作員站位空間噴霧，返回外室，5～10min后再進(jìn)內(nèi)室工作。
（4）接種操作前，用70%酒精棉球擦手；進(jìn)行無菌操作時(shí)，動(dòng)作要輕緩，盡量減少空氣波動(dòng)和地面揚(yáng)塵。
（5）工作中應(yīng)注意安全。如遇棉塞著火，用手緊握或用濕布包裹熄滅，切勿用嘴吹，以免擴(kuò)大燃燒；如遇有菌培養(yǎng)物灑落或打碎有菌容器時(shí)，浸潤5%石炭酸的抹布包裹后，并用浸潤5%石炭酸的抹布擦拭臺面或地面，用酒精棉球擦手后再繼續(xù)操作。
（6）工作結(jié)束，立即將臺面收拾干凈，將不應(yīng)在無菌室存放的物品和廢棄物全部拿出無菌室后，對無菌室用5%石炭酸噴霧，或開紫外線燈照射30min。
五
恒溫培養(yǎng)室
1.培養(yǎng)室的設(shè)置
（1）培養(yǎng)室應(yīng)有內(nèi)、外兩間，內(nèi)室是培養(yǎng)室，外室是緩沖室。房間容積不宜大，以利于空氣滅菌，內(nèi)室面積在3.2×4.4＝14m2左右，外室面積在3.2×1.8＝6m2左右，高以2.5m左右為宜，都應(yīng)有天花板。
（2）分隔內(nèi)室與外室的墻壁上部應(yīng)設(shè)帶空氣過濾裝置的通風(fēng)口。
（3）為滿足微生物對溫度的需要，需安裝恒溫恒濕機(jī)。
（4）內(nèi)外室都應(yīng)在室中央安裝紫外線燈，以供滅菌用。
2.培養(yǎng)室內(nèi)設(shè)備及用具
（1）內(nèi)室通常配備培養(yǎng)架和搖瓶機(jī)（搖床）。常用的搖瓶機(jī)有旋轉(zhuǎn)式、往復(fù)式兩種。
（2）外室應(yīng)有專用的工作服、鞋、帽、口罩、手持噴霧器和5%石炭酸溶液、70%酒精棉球等。
3.培養(yǎng)室的滅菌消毒
（1）同無菌室的滅菌、消毒措施。
（2）小規(guī)模的培養(yǎng)可不啟用恒溫培養(yǎng)室，而在恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中進(jìn)行。
六
普通實(shí)驗(yàn)室
進(jìn)行微生物的觀察、計(jì)數(shù)和生理生化測定工作的場所。室內(nèi)的陳設(shè)因工作側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同而有很大的差異。一般均配備實(shí)驗(yàn)臺、顯微鏡、柜子及凳子。實(shí)驗(yàn)臺要求平整、光滑，實(shí)驗(yàn)柜要足以容納日常使用的用具及藥品等。
七
實(shí)驗(yàn)室其他要求
水、電、氣等的容量、布設(shè)、性能均應(yīng)滿足實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作的需要。
來自日水培養(yǎng)基 qdrishui.cn
Excuse me: how is the microbiology laboratory properly arranged?
A: microbiological laboratories are different from general laboratory engineering or purification engineering. Laboratories mainly used in microbiology, biomedical science, biochemistry, animal experiments, genetic engineering and biological products are collectively referred to as biosafety laboratories. The microbiological laboratory consists of six parts: preparation room, washing room, sterilization room, sterile room, thermostatic culture room and general laboratory. The common feature of these rooms is that the floor and walls are smooth and hard, the equipment and equipment are simple and easy to clean.
a
Preparation room
The preparation room is used for preparing medium and sample treatment. The laboratory is equipped with a reagent cabinet, a special cabinet for storing utensils or materials, a laboratory bench, an electric stove, a refrigerator, and a sewage and power supply.
The second
The washing room
The washing room is used for washing utensils and so on. Because used utensils have been contaminated by microorganisms, pathogenic microorganisms sometimes exist. Therefore, it is advisable to set up a washing room if conditions permit. Indoor should have heater, boiler, the basin that washs utensils to use, bucket, still should all sorts of bottle brush, decontamination powder, soap, washing powder.
three
The sterilization room
Sterilization room is mainly used for sterilization of culture medium and all kinds of apparatus. The room should be equipped with high pressure steam sterilizer, oven and other sterilization equipment and facilities.
four
Sterile room
The sterile room is also called the inoculation room, and it is a special laboratory for sterilization operations such as systematic inoculation and purification of bacterial species. In microorganisms, inoculation and transplantation of strains is a major operation, which is characterized by ensuring the purity of strains and preventing contamination of miscellaneous bacteria. In the air of general environment, due to the existence of a lot of dust and miscellaneous bacteria, it is easy to cause pollution and greatly interferes with the inoculation work.
1. Setting of sterile room
Sterile rooms should be set up on the basis of both economic and scientific principles. Its basic requirements are as follows:
(1) there shall be two sterile rooms inside and outside, the inner sterile room and the outer buffer room. Room volume should not be too large for air sterilization. Minimum interior-area: 2 * 2.5 = 5m2; outer interior-area: 1 * 2 = 2m2; height: 2.5m or less; ceiling.
(2) sliding doors should be installed between the inside to reduce air fluctuation, and the door should be located at the farthest position from the workbench; Outside the door had better also use sliding door, want to set apart from inside the farthest position on.
(3) in the space between inside and outside the wall or on the partition board, should open a small window, make the necessary internal and external transfer items in the process of vaccination, in order to reduce personnel between in and out in the number of times, reduce the pollution level. The small window is 60cm in width, 40cm in height and 30cm in thickness.
(4) the aseptic room has a small and strict volume. After a period of use, the indoor temperature is very high, so the ventilation window should be set. Ventilating window should be set on the ceiling of the place of inside room enter a door (the farthest position from workbench namely), had better be double deck structure, outer layer is shutter, inner layer can use the window of type of sucker plate type. Ventilation Windows can be opened after use in the inner room, before sterilization, to circulate air. The constant temperature and humidity machine can be installed under conditions.
2. Sterile indoor equipment and utensils
(1) the work table in the sterile room, no matter what material or use, requires a smooth surface and a horizontal surface.
(2) one ultraviolet lamp (mostly 30W) shall be installed in the inner room and the outer room respectively. The uv lamp of the inner room should be installed directly above the seat that often works, 2m above the ground, and the uv lamp of the outer room can be installed in the center of the outer room.
(3) the outer room shall have special work clothes, shoes, hats, masks, porcelain basins and towels with basil water, hand-held sprayer and 5% carbonic acid solution, etc.
(4) the inner chamber should be alcohol lamp, commonly used vaccination tools, stainless steel knife, scissors, tweezers, 70% alcohol cotton ball, industrial alcohol, glass, special crayons, pads, pencils, label paper, glue, litter baskets, etc.
3. Sterilization of the sterile room
(1) fumigation: this is a complete sterilization measure of the sterile room. The sterile room has been used for a long time and should be fumigated and sterilized if the pollution is serious. Can be fumigated with formaldehyde, lactic acid or sulfur.
(2) spray: before each use of the sterile room. Spray can promote the settlement of particles and microorganisms in the air, prevent the flying field of dust on the table and ground, and have sterilization effect. Use 5% carbonic acid spray.
(3) ultraviolet radiation: before each use of the sterile room. Ultraviolet ray has better sterilization effect. Uv lamps should normally be on for 30 to 60 minutes.
4. Working procedures of sterile room
(1) sterile room sterilization. Turn on the uv lamp for more than 30min before each use, or apply 5% carbonic acid spray to the inner and outer chamber 30min before use.
(2) after washing hands with soap, move the necessary equipment into the outer room; Put on sterilized work clothes, work cap and work shoes in the outer room, put on the mask, and wash hands with 2% cresol soap for 2 minutes.
(3) carry all kinds of articles needed into the inner room, count and place them. Spray 5% carbonic acid on the upper part of the working table and operator station space, return to the outer room, and work in the inner room after 5-10 minutes.
(4) use 70% alcohol cotton ball to wipe hands before inoculation operation; When sterile operation is carried out, the movement should be light and slow to minimize air fluctuation and ground dust.
(5) safety should be paid attention to in work. If the tampon catches fire, hold it by hand or extinguish it with a damp cloth, do not blow it with your mouth to prevent it from burning more. In case of bacteria cultures on or break have bacterium container, infiltrating 5% carbolic acid cloth parcel, and infiltrating 5% carbolic acid cloth to wipe the table or the ground, with alcohol cotton balls to clean hands and then continue to operate.
(6) work over, will immediately mesa clean, will not be stored in a sterile room items, and all waste out of the sterile room, after the sterile room with 5% carbolic acid spray, or uv light irradiation for 30 min.
five
Thermostatic culture chamber
1. Setting up the culture room
(1) there shall be two media rooms inside and outside, the inner one is the media room and the outer one is the buffer room. The room volume should not be large, which is conducive to air sterilization. The inner room area is around 3.2 * 4.4 = 14m2, and the outer room area is around 3.2 * 1.8 = 6m2.
(2) the upper part of the wall separating the inner room from the outer room shall be provided with an air vent with an air filtration device.
(3) in order to meet the needs of microorganisms for temperature, a constant temperature and humidity machine should be installed.
(4) uv lamp should be installed in the center of the inner and outer rooms for sterilization.
2. Develop indoor equipment and equipment
(1) the inner chamber is usually equipped with a culture frame and a bottle shaker (a shaker). The commonly used bottle shaker has rotary type, reciprocating two kinds.
(2) special working clothes, shoes, hats, masks, hand sprayer, 5% carbonic acid solution and 70% alcohol cotton balls should be provided in the outer room.
3. Sterilization of the culture room
(1) sterilization and disinfection measures of the same aseptic room.
(2) small-scale culture is carried out in a thermostatic incubator rather than a thermostatic culture chamber.
six
General laboratory
A site for the observation, counting and physiological and biochemical determination of microorganisms. Indoor furnishings vary greatly from job to job. Generally equipped with laboratory bench, microscope, cabinet and stool. The laboratory bench should be smooth and smooth, and the laboratory cabinet should be large enough to accommodate daily use of utensils and medicines.
seven
Other laboratory requirements
The capacity, layout and performance of water, electricity and gas should meet the needs of laboratory work.